The early civilizations lacked adequate means to obtain knowledge about the human brain.  However, from the ancient Egyptian mummifications to 18th century scientific research on “globules” and neurons, there is evidence of neuroscience practice throughout the early periods of history.

Early views on the function of the brain regarded it merely to be a form of “cranial stuffing” of sorts. In ancient Egypt, from the late Middle Kingdom onwards, in preparation for mummification, the brain was regularly removed, for it was the heart that was assumed to be the seat of intelligence.

From Egyptian mummies to Greek philosophy, early civilizations wrestled with the mystery of the brain. History shows intelligence wasn’t always in the head. #NeuroscienceHistory #BrainFacts share this

According to Herodotus, during the first step of mummification: “The most perfect practice is to extract as much of the brain as possible with an iron hook, and what the hook cannot reach is mixed with drugs.”

 

This is where we get the phrase: “memorizing something by heart”.

 

 

During the second half of the first millennium BC, the Ancient Greeks developed differing views on the function of the brain. However, due to the fact that Hippocratic doctors did not practice dissection, because the human body was considered sacred, Greek views of brain function were generally uninformed by anatomical study.

 

It is said that it was Alcmaeon of Croton (6th and 5th centuries BC) who first considered the brain to be the place where the mind was located. According to ancient authorities, “he believed the seat of sensations is in the brain. This contains the governing faculty. All the senses are connected in some way with the brain; consequently they are incapable of action if the brain is disturbed…the power of the brain to synthesize sensations makes it also the seat of thought:  “The storing up of perceptions gives memory and belief and when these are stabilized you get knowledge.”

Hippocrates said the brain held intelligence; Aristotle disagreed. Ancient minds debated what made humans rational. #AncientScience #BrainMysteries share this

In the 4th century BC Hippocrates, believed the brain to be the seat of intelligence.

However, during the 4th century BC Aristotle still thought that, while the heart was the seat of intelligence, the brain was merely a cooling mechanism for the blood. He reasoned that humans are more rational than the beasts because, among other reasons, they have a larger brain to cool their hot-bloodedness.

 

When did the concept change from heart to brain?

 

In contrast to Greek thought regarding the sanctity of the human body, the Egyptians had been embalming their dead for centuries, and went about the systematic study of the human body. During the Hellenistic period, Herophilus of Chalcedon (c.335/330–280/250 BC) and Erasistratus of Ceos (c. 300–240 BC) made fundamental contributions not only to brain and nervous systems’ anatomy and physiology, but to many other fields of the bio-sciences. Herophilus not only distinguished the cerebrum and the cerebellum, but provided the first clear description of the ventricles. Erasistratus used practical application by experimenting on the living brain.

Herophilus and Erasistratus dissected and studied the living brain centuries before modern neuroscience. Knowledge has deep roots. #HistoryOfScience #BrainAnatomy share this

Their works are now mostly lost, but we know about their achievements mostly due to secondary sources. Some of their discoveries had to be re-discovered a thousand years after during the medieval times.